Blockchains typically have a leader that is responsible for both building and proposing blocks during their designated leader slot. These leaders have full control over which transactions to include in the block, and how to order those transactions. …

Big blocks have long been demonized as a sub-optimal solution to throughput constraints. They increase the barrier to entry for block production and decrease decentralization in the process. …

Zero-knowledge proofs are at the cutting edge of cryptography that is advancing the ways in which blockchains can scale and achieve privacy. From this has emerged two similar technologies zkSNARKs and zkSTARKs. Zero knowledge proofs achieve privacy by allowing one party to prove something to another party without disclosing the…

One of the core primitives at the center of rollup scaling efforts is proofs. They work by producing a succinct attestation to whether a rollup batch is valid or fraudulent, depending on the type of proof. Along with compressed transaction data, proofs allow rollups to achieve significantly more scale than…

Rollups themselves can be a difficult concept to grasp, and having multiple types of rollups each with distinct names can make things tricky. Although, the definitions given for different rollups do serve their purpose to provide distinctions between them. …

Blockchains have tried many different approaches to innovative scaling. These methods can succinctly be placed into two categories: cryptography, and hardware. Up until now, blockchains have more-or-less tried to scale with only one of the two. For example, Zcash is trying to achieve privacy by using advanced cryptography in the…

Prices move erratically, and crypto is infamous for having an extremely inefficient market. This is changing and will diminish as more sophisticated investors move into the space. I say sophisticated because all the alpha that has been squeezed out of the US equity market is the direct result of the…

Disclosures The purpose of this report is purely informational and educational. It is not to be construed as investment advice. Introduction Information preservation across time has been essential to passing down and storing humanity’s collective knowledge. Much of this has historically been physical objects that are susceptible to decay, and vulnerable…

Credits Thanks to @Fronta1pha for reviewing the initial draft Disclosures The purpose of this report is purely informational and educational and is not to be construed as investment advice. The author owns LDO tokens. Link to the google drive pdf: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OSmWv7ipTQbZRgeA5myVRPnDRsC44t-W/view?usp=sharing Introduction ETH staking began with the launch of the beacon…